海湾地区无家可归

如今，旧金山湾区的无家可归者人数更多, 更少的庇护, 而且增长速度比以往任何时候都要快. 2017年至2020年, 湾区无家可归的人口增加了6人,878人，总共35人,占美国总增长的四分之一以上.S. 无家可归的人口. 在这段时间里, 湾区无家可归者中没有基本住房的比例从67%上升到73%, 美国最高的比率.S. 越来越多的研究表明，无家可归对健康和安全造成了毁灭性的后果, 尤其是un避难所ed无家可归, COVID-19大流行和经济衰退为稳定和解决湾区无家可归危机增加了新的紧迫性.

旧金山湾区的高无家可归率与住房短缺密不可分. 2011年至2017年, 湾区创建了531个,400个新职位，但只批准了123个,801个新住宅单位, 4的比率.每单位住房3个工作岗位，远高于1个.5 .美国农业部建议的比例.S. 环境保护署(EPA)，以避免流离失所和拥挤. The resulting shortage has increased competition for available units and inflated the region’s 住房 market beyond the reach of an increasing share of total households. Between 2012 and 2017 the Bay Area’s stock of rental units affordable to households earning below 100 percent of area median income declined by 24 percent between 2012 and 2017, 该地区输了5场,为收入低于该地区中位数收入30%的家庭提供了可负担的住房.

在美国.S., high rents strongly correlate with high rates of homelessness as high costs push larger numbers of households on the margins into the streets.

住房短缺还增加了土地和建筑成本，导致无家可归, 这使得解决无家可归问题的方法更加昂贵. In 2018, 旧金山湾区新建或重建的经济适用房的平均单价超过529美元,000. 在旧金山，一套补贴的经济适用房售价为73万美元. 高油价使得传统的干预措施极其昂贵且难以规模化. 使用传统施工方法, 为每个湾区无家可归的居民建造一个新的或重建的永久住房单元将耗资近170亿美元. 与此同时, 海湾地区的大部分地区一直在取消对紧急庇护所的资助，以增加永久住房的生产(图15). 虽然这种重新确定优先次序的做法符合国家趋势和许多关于永久住房长期效力的研究, 高成本的旧金山湾区无法以比居民无家可归速度更快的速度扩建永久住房. 其结果是，在旧金山湾区的街道上，越来越多的无家可归的居民实际上成了仓库, 汽车. 和房车，以及区域内的住房负担转移到旧金山市, which was the only Bay Area County to have increased its 避难所 inventory over the past decade despite already providing far more 永久住房 and 避难所 per capita than other Bay Area Counties.

The Bay Area arrived at this point through more than a generation of 住房 and homelessness policy failures at all levels of government. 美国.S. 政府为经济适用房提供的支持大约是上世纪60年代的三分之一. The State of California doesn’t adequately prioritize affordable 住房 programs for the households at highest risk of becoming homeless, 它在该州41个不同的反无家可归项目上缺乏协调. 地方政府仍然有太多的权力来阻止住房建设:1999年到2023年之间, 湾区将建成97座,保障性住房比国家推荐的少了000个单位(图9), 社区经常想方设法避免为无家可归的人提供住所和住房. 面对超过100个,000名无家可归的居民, California cities in the Bay Area and beyond are grappling with a shifting and often contradictory legal environment for how to manage the de facto privatization of public spaces by homeless residents.

The growing homelessness crisis in the Bay Area and elsewhere in California has led to renewed interest in 避难所 mandate policies such as those in New York City, 麻萨诸塞州, 以及哥伦比亚特区. 为湾区设立避难所要求州立法机构制定一项强制要求, 建立一个执行机构, 制定筹资机制, 并赢得至少三分之二湾区选民的支持. 如果授权提案能够通过这条道路上无数的否决点, 包括攻击命令以牺牲永久住房为代价, 美国其他强制收容辖区的经验.S. 强烈建议区域授权可以显著减少湾区无家可归者的数量. We estimate a regional 避难所 mandate that used the cabin community model could be scaled for approximately $245 million in one-time capital expenditures and $481 million in annual spending on services and management.

然而, under a 避难所 mandate the Bay Area’s 避难所 system would steadily increase in size and cost unless the region took additional measures to prevent homelessness from occurring in the first place, 并扩大其永久住房的库存，以从庇护所系统中创造出口. While a New York City-style 避难所 mandate alone would improve conditions for the Bay Area’s homeless by providing access to basic sanitation services, 旧金山湾区有机会, 由于缺乏住房和各种类型的住房产品, 以改进纽约市和其他地方的现有模式. 我们估计一次性资本支出约为90亿美元，2美元.每年花在服务和管理上的50亿美元将使旧金山湾区的住房库存达到合适的规模, 住房, 和预防服务(图22).

The Bay Area’s homelessness crisis was created by policy failures at all levels of government; interventions at all levels of government are needed to solve it. 而不是寻求庇护授权, the Bay Area should use existing but unused tools at its disposal to raise $10 billion in new regional revenue to expand its inventory of emergency 避难所s and 永久住房. 该地区应该在这项投资的同时，为经济适用房和防止无家可归提供新的额外的州和联邦支持, 尤其是通过像Project Homekey和Section 8这样经过验证的项目. 这些投资应该与国家政策改革相结合，以促进住房生产，减轻低收入租房者的压力, 并减少当地电力，停止住房生产. 虽然旧金山湾区是一个富裕的地区，但它本身并不能解决无家可归的问题.

建议:

200亿美元的国家投资，用于扩大“家园计划”，并帮助各地区编制庇护所清单, 住房, 和预防计划.
不到一年, 加州的“家园计划”(Project Homekey)创造了加州历史上最大的一次无家可归者住房扩建. 加州应该从其创纪录的760亿美元2021-2022财政年度预算盈余中拿出至少200亿美元来扩大Homekey项目, 一次性投资于无家可归者服务的资本化运营储备, 并帮助地方政府合理安排应急避难所的数量, 永久住房, 和预防服务.

$10 billion regional expansion of affordable 住房 and emergency 避难所s using the Bay Area Regional Housing Finance Authority (BAHFA).
A regional $10 billion BAHFA measure could address 住房 needs across the 住房-insecurity spectrum by providing up to $200 million to expand regional 避难所s, 还有至少50亿美元用于极端低收入人群的生产, 往往收入偏低, 和保障性住房.

国家政策的改变，以增加供给，减少租房者的压力(和成本)
高无家可归率与全美昂贵的租赁市场密切相关.S.而昂贵的租赁市场则是市场短缺的一个症状. Additional funding for homeless 避难所s and 住房 must be paired with policy changes to allow vastly increased 住房 production across the Bay Area to reduce pressure in the rental market and lower costs. 而国家政策要求湾区建设441号,通过区域住房需求分配(RHNA)，在未来七年内新建176个住房单元, 生产受到当地反住房法规的阻碍. 加州应该通过目前的立法提案，允许在单一家庭地段上建造复式住宅(sb9), Atkins); eliminate barriers to building small apartments in areas where they’re currently zoned; allow cities to up-zone areas around transit and employment centers (SB 10, Wiener); guarantee loans to homeowners to install accessory dwelling units (AB 561, Ting); and make it easier for developers to convert empty strip malls and big box stores into affordable 住房 (SB 6, Caballero).

减少当地修建和扩建避难所的障碍
最近通过的州法律允许有意愿的城市更快地扩大住房库存. 然而, 在其管辖范围内不想要庇护所的城市没有义务建造它们, 而且还能阻止第三方的努力, 包括非营利组织或国家, 开放和管理庇护所. 加州应该宣布，任何无家可归人口超过10%的城市都将处于避难所危机状态, and that 避难所s proposed by third parties within those cities be approved “by-right” provided they meet certain health and safety requirements.

将有限的补贴集中在住房负担最重的人群身上
State and local 住房 policies should focus on making moderate-income 住房 affordable through increases in supply and reserve scarce public dollars for subsidies to deeply affordable 住房 products that are beyond the reach of market development. 海湾地区88%的极低收入居民面临严重的租金负担, 这意味着他们将超过50%的收入用于住房. California should ensure at least 20 percent of tax credit financing for affordable 住房 is dedicated to producing units set aside for households earning below 30 percent of area median income, 收入低于该地区中位数收入50%的家庭则为20%.

全额基金第8组
即使增加了地区资金, 如果没有额外的联邦支持，湾区将无法解决无家可归问题. 然而今天，美国的经济却在衰退.S. 政府对经济适用房的支持大约是上世纪60年代的三分之一. The biggest immediate-term way for the federal government to reduce homelessness in the Bay Area and nationally would be to fully fund Section 8 住房 vouchers so that all Americans who qualify (households earning below 50 percent of area median income) can begin receiving them. 今天, 1600万有资格获得第8条住房券的美国人, 国会只拨款500万美元.

创新的国家和地方方法的土地使用监管 & 执行
现有的法律和规划法规没有预见到数以万计的个人实际上将公共空间私有化, 联邦法院最近支持了宪法赋予他们的在没有住房的情况下睡觉和居住的权利, 避难所, 或是属于自己的私人空间. 同时试图规范和管理这种迅速发展的局面, 加州城市可能要对无家可归者营地不安全的条件造成的损害负责, but also liable not only for damages for attempting to improve health and safety standards for homeless residents residing in encampments or enforce against encampments in high-impact locations. 因此，结果往往是瘫痪. The State should consider expanding recently created provisions to the building code to expedite 避难所 construction (AB 932) to create and expand sanctioned campsites and safe sites for homeless individuals and families living in 汽车 and RVs. Cities should be encouraged to experiment with innovative approaches to 避难所 and enforcement to help clarify existing legal ambiguity in the aftermath of Martin v. 博伊西.